Constitutional and Administrative Law

Question: Discuss about the Constitutional and Administrative Law. Answer: Introduction: Pablo owns a house in a suburb region called Pelican Point, which is located at the back of the Sydney Harbor. Pablos next-door neighbor owns a house right onto the cliff located at the back of the Sydney Harbor. The neighbor wanted to construct some stairs down the cliff facing the beach and built a small cottage on the waterfront to enjoy the beach in privacy. He submitted development consent for the same before the Pelican Point council. Pablo being the neighbor and the president of SLAPS an organization safeguarding the penguins, was strictly against the submission as the development shall block his view down to the water and it would affect the colony of little penguins residing in that area. He made a submission on his behalf and on behalf of SLAPS requesting the council to refuse to assent to the development proposal, as it would have an adverse impact upon the environment, species and him. However, the Pelican Council did not consider Pablos consideration by stating the reasons for the same. Judicial Review Judicial review plays a significant role in Australian Government system as it ensures accountability of the public officials and the legitimacy of their actions. Judicial review has been introduced by the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act, 1977 (ADJR Act) which provides the procedure to be followed in Judicial Review. A party having sufficient interest in the matter in dispute to which the judicial review relates may be involved in the judicial review process (Choper, 2013). Judicial review can seek on the grounds of irrational, illegal, improper procedure and violation of any procedural or substantive legal expectation ((Douglas Head, 2014). The parties involved in a judicial review process are entitled to one or more of the following reliefs or remedies (Cane, 2015). They are: A declaration An injunction Damages Mandatory order Prohibitory order Quashing order However, since judicial review is considered as the last resort, the claims for remedies are often becomes critical as during the judicial review proceedings, the court not only determines the legality of the claim but also determine whether such claim can be granted (Leyland Anthony, 2016). In the given scenario, Pablo and SLAPS can resort to judicial review in order to challenge the decision of the Pelican Point Council and to seek alternate remedy or remedies for the same. The judicial Review process usually includes four stages scope, standing, grounds of review and remedy. If Pablo and SLAPS seek judicial review of the decision held by the Pelican Point Council, he would seek a court order to set the decision aside or to hold back the action of the Pelican Point Council. However, a court usually does not direct any governmental department or agency regarding which course of action is to be followed by such department or agency (Pearce et al., 2015). While determining whether to allow judicial review for the matter, the court shall examine the procedure followed by the pelican point council while making the decisions (Groves, 2014). Firstly, the court shall determine whether the methods adopted by the Pelican council is in consistence with procedural fairness and is based on the principles of natural justice. Secondly, the factors taken into consideration by the Pelican point council while making such decision were in accordance with the relevant statute. Lastly, the while making the decisions, the decision makers were acting within the powers conferred upon them by the legislation (Auburn, Moffett Sharland, 2013). The role of the courts in the judicial review process is to decide whether the decision made by the government agency or department was rightly made (Pritchard, 2015). It does not review or re-make the original decisions on its merits. However, after the judicial review it is possible that the Pelican Council can give the decision but the subsequent decision shall be in strict adherence to the legislation, which is the Environmental Planning Act 2015 (NSW) in the given scenario. The court does not permit any random person to initiate a judicial review of any decision made by the Government relating to any specified administrative decision or action (Barnett, 2014). The person bringing the case before the court for to seek judicial review must have a sufficient or relevant interest in the case (Stewart, 2014). In the given scenario, Pablo and Slaps both have sufficient and relevant interest in the decision taken by the Pelican Point Council regarding the development consent for constructing a cottage near the beach. Pablo, as the neighbor of the applicant has sufficient interest in the case, as the cottage shall block his view of the Sydney Harbor. SLAPS or the Sydneysiders Love Adorable Penguins Society Incorporated was created to prevent any form of developments on the Sydney Harbor, thus protecting the little Penguins colony in that area. Pablo being the president of the SLAPS has a relevant interest in the case as the council has not considered the fact that the development of the cottage in the area shall affect the environment and the penguins as well. Pablo and SLAPS may seek judicial review because the decision made by the Pelican point council is: Irrational- the decision made by the pelican point council is irrational. The purpose of the Environmental Planning Act 2015 (NSW) laid down under section 5 of the Act stipulates that the Act shall encourage proper management and conserve artificial and natural resources including natural areas, forests, water, cities, agricultural land in order to promote economic and social welfare of the society and to maintain a better environment. Whereas, the Pelican Point Council has disregarded the fact that the development of cottage would affect the little Penguins who, if are not allowed to gather on the beach would have to travel further or swim to another place. This may be dangerous as either they may be eaten by in the water or would be tired of they have to travel far. Further, SLAPS claims that if the cottage is built, it might encourage other people to build and the items washed out of the cottage would end up as trash, which would be detrimental for the marine life including the li ttle penguins. Therefore, the decision made by the Council is so unreasonable that no relevant authority would make such decision. Improper Procedure- the decision made by the council was not made in compliance with the Environmental Planning Act 2015 (NSW) and neither the decision is based on the principle of natural justice. The Pelican Point Council has infringed the statutory provisions stipulated under section 5 and 79 C of the Act. The principle of natural justice refers to fair hearing which states that every person has a right to a fair hearing, that is, before deciding a case the decision maker must hear the contentions made by the other side (audi alteram partem) and no one can judge in his own case ( nemo judex in causa sua) (Marume et al., 2016). In the given scenario, SLAPS requests that Pablo must be given an opportunity to show the penguin colony to the Pelican Point Council and to understand the plight of the penguins and inspect their habitat in person. However, the Pelican Point Council did not consider looking or hearing what Pablo had to say regarding the plight of the penguins and their habi tat. They decided to the matter based on the written submissions and rejected SLAPS contention to hear Pablo, thus, infringing the principle of natural justice. Breach of substantive and Procedural legislation- However, Environmental Planning Act 2015 (NSW) itself contains a provision under Section 94 which stipulates that if the consent authority is of the opinion that the development would enhance the demand for public services or facilities within the specified area, the consent authority may allow such development consent submission. Such submission is accepted subject to a condition that the person making such submission makes a monetary contribution. If the procedural legislation itself includes unfair provisions, it cannot be expected from the public authority to exercise fairly (McDonald, 2015). The statute contradicts with its own provisions. On one hand, it stipulates that the objective of the Act is to safeguard the natural resources, animals and the environment under section 5 of the Act. On the other hand, it states under section 94 of the Act that if any development proposal increases the demand for public services or facilitie s, such development proposal shall be granted. Moreover, the Council is also of the opinion that their policy does not consider protection of penguin and a development application cannot be refused merely on that ground. In addition, the council is competent to charge Pablos neighbor development contribution under section 94 of the Act to keep boats from getting close to the cottage. If Pablo and SLAPS claims remedies against the decision made by the Pelican Point Council, the court shall determine the fact whether such claim is justifiable and whether the claim for remedies can be granted. However, if the court is of the opinion that remedies may be granted in the case, then Pablo and SLAPS shall be entitled to one or more of the following reliefs: Quashing order the court may pass a quashing order to nullify the original decision passed by the Pelican point council. Mandatory order- the court may also pass a mandatory order directing the council under review to carry out its legal duties effectively. Injunction- the court may also pass an injunction order to restrain the council and the applicant from developing cottage in the beach area. Reference list Auburn, J., Moffett, J., Sharland, A. (2013).Judicial Review: Principles and Procedure. OUP Oxford. Barnett, H. (2014).Constitutional administrative law. Routledge. Cane, P. (2015). Records, Reasons and Rationality in Judicial Control of Administrative Power: England, the US and Australia.Israel Law Review,48(03), 309-328. Choper, J. H. (2013).Judicial review and the national political process: A functional reconsideration of the role of the Supreme Court. Quid Pro Books. Douglas, R., Head, M. (2014).Douglas and Jones's administrative law. Groves, M. (Ed.). (2014).Modern Administrative Law in Australia: Concepts and Context. Cambridge University Press. Leyland, P., Anthony, G. (2016).Textbook on administrative law. Oxford University Press. Marume, S. B. M., Jubenkanda, R. R., Namusi, C. W., Madziyire, N. C. (2016). The Principles of natural justice in public administration and administrative law. McDonald, L. (2015). Reason, Reasonableness and Intelligible Justification in Judicial Review.Sydney L. Rev.,37, 467. Pearce, D. C., Paterson, M., Zifcak, S. P., Telford, P. (Eds.). (2015).Australian Administrative Law. Pritchard, J. (2015, January). The rise and rise of merits review: Implications for judicial review and for administrative law. InAIAL Forum(No. 79, p. 14). Australian Institute of Administrative Law. Stewart, D. (2014). Statutory authority to contract and the role of judicial review.U. Queensland LJ,33, 43.

Friendship Essay Example For Students

Friendship Essay The human survival is based on friendship. From the highest authority to the lowest bums living on the streets all of them have experienced in some way or the other one of these different kinds of friendships. We take this friendship for granted because it is something that exists naturally in society and most of us never really have to actually go out into the world looking for a friend. Those of us who have had to live in a foreign country or in new surroundings have learned how important this is in life. My personal realization came when I had to start college in a new country, in different surroundings. The feeling of loneliness is enough to drive a person to near madness. So in conclusion what Im trying to say is that we cannot thrive successfully as individuals or as a society without having some form of friendship with other individuals. As children we depend on our parents and see them as our only friends. Life goes on to the next level and we now make friends with people of our own sex because girls are weird. Then comes the next stage in life, a sheer fascination with this weird species that will rule us until a perfectly weird individual comes along. So life can be summarized in these three statements. It was a great man, Mark Twain, who once said, Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of joy you must have somebody to divide it with.There is a freedom from both people to express their opinions to each other in order to strengthen the friendship. It does not matter whether the marriage or friendship is by choice or by force. Any form of friendship is based on the simple rules of honesty and trust. These are understood even before it starts. It is this that makes us human. They do not want to know about it or they do not understand it enough. This is not how friendship works. It is a system like any other, and whether it is between spouses or parents and children or friends, the same rules will apply. These rules can be summarized by one word trustworthiness. If you take your friends for granted then the same happens to you, and you dont realize the true essence of friendship because this friendship is superficial, and is not based on the rules. Another fact to consider is time. Time brings maturity to the relationship, and a better understanding between the members. It may heal wounds or make them more apparent and clear. All forms of friendships will change with time; some will be strengthened as the members begin to see each other more clearly, and trust each other unconditionally. Unfortunately, this clarification may have the opposite effect and you realize how superficial the friendship truly is. This is why some marriages, that are made too early, end with the same abruptness that they were made. Once again, the time factor is apparent.

Fin 571 Week 4 Essay Example

Fin 571 Week 4 Essay Example Fin 571 Week 4 Essay Fin 571 Week 4 Essay Guillermo Furniture Analysis Paper University of Phoenix Corporate Finance FIN/571 Guillermo Furniture Analysis Paper . Guillermo Navallez is the owner and operator of the Guillermo Furniture Company. Mr. Navallez has operated this store for year in the Sonora, Mexico area and had built a positive rapport with that community. Recently, Mr. Navallez has two issues he is facing. One issue is an overseas competitor and the other is the high cost of labor. The overseas competitor is making furniture using new and innovative technologies. Because Guillermo furniture specializes in one-of-a-kind hand crafted furniture, his cost of labor is extremely high because of the time that is needed to create each piece. Because of this, Guillermo is losing profit as well as customers; Mr. Navallez has been trying different ideas to help improve his business. . At this point in time, the only option for the Guillermo furniture store is simple. This company must join the ranks of its competitors in order to stay in business. Guillermo needs to transition from handcrafted pieces into using the high tech technology like its competitors. This technology will cut costs on materials as well as labor, and still supply quality furniture. Guillermo Furniture has an option to be taken over by its competitor. This option is not received well by Mr. Navallez. He has no intention of being bought out. Because he does not want to lose everything that he has worked for, Mr. Navallez has to put a plan into action immediately. He is concerned about his family and his responsibility to take care of them. : In The company used the â€Å"what-if† example, it would allow the business owner to take a combination of his projections and come up with one resolution. If he includes numerous investments it will help to prepare a present value index. Mr. Navallez could then capitalize on his investments. The WACC is established by the use of multiple assessments Mr. Navallez has been reviewing different alternatives for the Guillermo Furniture Store. A company’s assets are financed by either debt or equity. By taking a weighted average, you can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances. WACC is the overall required return on the company as a whole and, it is often used internally by company directors to determine the likelihood of expansion opportunities and mergers. It is the appropriate rate to use for cash flows with risk that is similar to that of the overall firm (Investopedia, 2011). The first option is to keep running the business as usual and not making any changes. The net present value analysis can be run by and outside entity to show whether or not Guillermo is operating at its highest while in business. This will show the net present value after taxes. The Net Present Value is the difference between what something is worth and the present value of its expected future cash (Emery, Finnerty, Stowe, 2007, p. 187). Next, the payback period is the number of years it takes the business to recover from the original investment. If $300 million is invested within a certain time period the company will be able add more revenue to the money that was originally invested into the company. Payback periods can take a long time or a short time depending on the circumstances. On the other hand, it will eventually pay off in the end. For Mr. Navallez and Guillermo Furniture, a payback time frame is the best option to help capitalize on the reconstruction of his business. Capital budgeting is the process of choosing a long-term capital investment According to (Emery, Finnerty, and Stowe). This includes investments in land as well as equipment. Capital budgeting is knowledgeable to the store because of Guillermo’s assets, products, and services that the business provides. There is no limit to the numbers of possible investments that can’t be reached. However, based on present and future selections, constraints for the future will be very slim. Planning of these choices will help to capitalize on assets and improve the profits in the future. In The Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario, capital budgeting projects are judged by value. We also find out that capital is worth more than it costs, because stock prices will increase and then the wealth by the amount of capital will be different. In conclusion The Guillermo stock would increase if the company took on a capital budgeting project with a positive stock value and decrease if the stock value is negative. Reference Emery, Finnerty, Stowe. (2007). Corporate Financial Management (3rd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall. Investopedia. (2011). www. investopedia. com. Retrieved from investopedia. com/terms/w/wacc. asp University of Phoenix (2011). Lawrence Sports Simulation [Video podcast]. Finance for Managerial Decision Making: Working Capital Management. Retrieved from http://https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/AAPD/vendors/tata/sims/finance/working_capital/finance_working_capital_frame. html

4 Career Fears You Need to Face

4 Career Fears You Need to Face Fear. It’s not just the feeling that strikes when you’re home alone watching scary movies and suddenly there’s a  noise outside your window. It can happen in a much more mundane, brightly-lit place: your desk at work. In fact, the office can be a place where all of your self-doubts and worries compound into a big, career-blocking blob. But you’re not alone- millions of people have responded to polls and surveys about their concerns.What are some of the most common work-related fears?1. Losing the jobWhether you’re a rockstar at work or feel like you’ve been making too many mistakes, fear of losing your job has little to do with actual performance and more to do with your own personal need for stability.2. Performance anxietyMaybe your boss wasn’t as enthusiastic as she could have been after your last presentation. Maybe a new performance review process has you feeling uncertain about whether your year was really as productive as you wanted it to be. Any uncertainty or lack of positive feedback can feed this apprehension.3. Not fitting inWhether it’s middle school or the office break room, no one wants to be the uncool kid. We spend most of our waking hours with our coworkers, and universal social anxieties may show up. It can be tempting to try to play a certain character type in meetings or defer to others’ thoughts and ideas instead of your own.4. Being left behindWith social media giving a new platform to everyday triumphs (â€Å"Guess who’s rocking it today?†), it can turn the workday into a competitive exercise. This plays into anxieties about stagnating in your job while the real stars move on to higher titles and bigger paydays.What can we do to move past these?The best way to conquer these fears (or at least tame them into submission before) is to acknowledge that they’re happening, name them, and be clear with yourself about the steps you’re taking to overcome them. That could mean communicating more openly with your colleagues or even just taking small steps forward on a project you’ve been avoiding because it seemed daunting.Embrace the fears that are holding you back, and then step neatly around them on your career path.Read More at Fast Company

Death, Life and Emily Dickinson Annotated Bibliography

Death, Life and Emily Dickinson - Annotated Bibliography Example While it was something that is feared, Dickinson made it seem appealing. Baker makes it known that the carriage ride taken by the protagonist, the one from the living world to the protagonist’s final resting place, is a comfortable ride since it is done in a carriage rather than in a hearse. Emily Dickinson’s poems are kept together in this anthology. Originally a three-volume set, this book contains all of the poems ever written by Dickinson. Unlike Dickinson and Vendler’s book, which contains commentaries and insights on the poems that were made by Vendler, this book by Dickinson only contains the poems themselves, allowing the reader to comprehend each poem, find their own insights, and come to their own conclusions. This book was a vital source to the research paper as it offered easy access to the poems that were to be analyzed in my paper. â€Å"I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (97)† was the poem taken from this book; while it is one of Dickinson’s more famous poems, it was difficult to find in any other source besides the Internet. I was able to use the source to locate this poem and implement it into my essay about life and death themes in Dickinson’s works. Helen Vendler comments on selected poems of Emily Dickinson, the poems of whom are also included in this book. Vendler has made a career for herself by critically reading and analyzing the poems of many writers, including Dickinson, paying special attention to the style and imaginative elements of each poem. Vendler selected the poems that she did based on how they related to Dickinson’s life, focusing a great amount on what inspired the poet to write what she did. Unlike Dickinson’s anthology of poems, this book provides insight into the selected poems, pointing out facts and characteristics that readers should be aware of. Dickinson and Vendler’s book was useful in two ways for my research paper. The first was to provide me with a copy of

Can the U.S. Government Still Be Regarded as a Federal System of Essay

Can the U.S. Government Still Be Regarded as a Federal System of Government - Essay Example Across America’s history, federalism has been defined in different ways. Cooperative federalism implies that the two forms of government are to work in collaboration with one another. Dual federalism supposes that the two forms of government are working separate from one another. Creative federalism relates to a combined planning and decision making system amongst the two. Horizontal federalism relates to the interaction and shared programs amongst them while vertical federalism means the conventional systems of federal governance whereby the actions of the central government are considered to be supreme as interpreted by the constitution. Every state in the US is characterized with its own positions relative to legal authority and political importance. Although states are not considered sovereign entities they can assume power and take actions relative to the functions of other governmental set ups (McKAY, 2001). The US Constitution had established division of authority among st the state and federal governments that had initially put restraints on the federal government in areas of foreign policy, defense and the controls over currency and commerce amongst states. Over time, this bifurcation of authority has been diluted and currently the federal government enjoys extended authority relative to almost aspects impacting US citizens. However, despite such increase in federal authority, states in the US continue being very significant centers of governmental functioning. Over the years, there have been different policies enacted by different Presidents in regard to reducing the federal government’s powers and vice versa.... This essya stresses that federalism is understood as a governance system whereby the constitution partitions power amongst the state and central governments and both governments take direct actions relative to the people they rule, in terms of the prevailing laws. It is understood that both entities are supreme in the context of their respective spheres of authority. The central and state governments are required to give their consent in the event of proposals being made for changing the constitution. Very rarely does federalism appear in discussions and debates pertaining to modern public policies. A good feature of federalism is that it retains power, traditions and local dignity while permitting the central government to deal with common issues. This paper makes a conclusion that the founders of the Constitution displayed a great deal of loyalty towards their respective states and were not inclined to provide unlimited powers to the central government. While framing the Constitution, the founders created a document that greatly succeeded in bifurcating powers while creating a balance in favor of the nation as a whole. However, it is widely perceived that over the decades the US has diverted from what was intended by the founders of the Constitution because the original intent was not to provide the federal government with extensive authority over issues relative to law enforcement, housing and education

Examining The Story Of Beowulf Religion Essay

Examining The Story Of Beowulf Religion Essay After hours of self debate on why the Christian influences in Beowulf slowly die out and eventually cease to exist towards the end of the story; I have come to the conclusion that the monk who rewrote the story was not a full blooded Christian. In this time period, the pagan religion had not been completely dismantled, and it had been around at the same time as Christianity. The monk, I believe, was fighting an internal battle with himself. Two religions clashing inside of him, waging war through the very text he was rewriting. In the beginning of the text he adds heavy amounts of Christian influence but pagan beliefs such as: superhuman strength, revenge, and fate still linger amidst the Christian references. As the story progresses it is clear that the monks pagan beliefs are beginning to overtake his Christian beliefs. The beginning of the story through the battle with Grendel contains the largest amount of Christian reference and influence used by the monk and the least amount of pagan influence. The beginning consists of Grendel listening in on the Danes singing about the creation of the earth and man by the almighty ruler or God. He also listens in on them singing about his creation; he is a descendent of Cain, the brother killer, therefore Grendel is forced by God to live a life of exile. The first conflict between religions lies here; Grendel is forced to live a life of exile yet one of the main beliefs in Christianity is forgiveness. It is the Anglo-Saxon pagan belief that once a name is cursed, it is cursed forever. Hrothgars throne being protected by God is another Christian element along with God sending Beowulf to watch over Herot as a savior. It is not until Grendel sneaks back into herot that the pagan influences start to turn up again. Lines 24 through 27 of The Battle with Grendel rea d: Ere morning came, since fate had allowed him The prospect of plenty. Providence willed not To permit him any more of men under heaven To eat in the night-time. (Lesslie Hall 29) Now fate is showing up in the story, fate being a pagan belief, mixed in with the idea of Devine providence willing that Grendel shall kill no more. Then Beowulf exhibits more superhuman strength when Grendel cannot break his grip and he rips Grendels arm off; these are more pagan elements. Beowulf is protected by God in this section however. He has come to save the Danes, not seek revenge upon Grendel; Christianity does not believe in revenge. This section of the text was the beginning of the religious battle inside of the monk; this struggle becomes more evident as the story goes on. Before the battle with Grendels mother she bursts into Herot and takes Hrothgars closest friend as reparations for the death of her son. Before Beowulfs decent into the water to find Grendels mother he gives a speech about fate to the men. Beowulf tells Hrothgar that if fate decides that he will not win the battle, he wants him to be a king to his men and send the jewels that Hrothgar gave to him to Higelac, king of the Geats, to show how generous of a king he was to Beowulf. The monk is walking a tight-rope between religions here. Beowulf being the savior sent by God to save the Danes is now about to take revenge for them; however at the same time he is once again helping save them. Paganism comes into play once more here; Beowulf sinks down to the sea floor for nearly the entire day, these are more examples of superhuman traits. Once at the seafloor the monster has the upper-hand on Beowulf it seems; she grabs him and brings him to her lair, she destroys his helmet (which has never been done before) and Unfearths sword is unable to damage her. It would seem he is fighting a losing battle with Grendels mother until the monk begins adding more Christian influence to the text. Lines 79 through 82 of The Battle with Grendels Mother read: And had God most holy not awarded the victory, All knowing lord; easily did heavens Ruler most righteous arrange it with justice; Up rose he erect ready for battle. (Lesslie Hall 53) It appears as if the Monk is assuming that God is allowing Beowulf to live since he is the only man who can defeat this monster and save the Danes again, even though he is fighting the monster for revenge this time. Then once again Beowulf exhibits superhuman traits by picking up the giant sword and cutting Grendels mothers head off. It would seem that the monks pagan beliefs are beginning to overpower his Christian beliefs; there is a noticeable difference in the amount of Christian influence versus the amount of pagan influence being used in this portion of the text. The monk is beginning to doubt his faith in Christianity therefore he is adding more pagan elements to the story; for now though he is still using Christian elements to keep Beowulf alive. Now it has been many years since Beowulf saved the Danes; Higelac has passed away and Beowulf has become king of the Geats. A thief enters the lair of a dragon and steals his treasure; now the dragon begins to terrorize the land and Beowulf hears news of it. There is almost no Christian reference or influence in this section. The monk makes two different pagan references to fate in the same battle. On top of that Beowulf is only fighting the battle for fame to further secure his immortality after he passes on. In previous sections he was set apart from the rest of Anglo-Saxon culture because he was going out of his way to save the Danes because he was sent by God. It would seem that now he is just another warrior set out to kill for fame and treasure. Fate decides against him now when his shield is not strong enough to fend off the dragons fire and his sword breaks after piercing the dragons scales. All of his warriors save for one have no faith in him and run away. Compared to the b eginning and middle of the text the monk has only used pagan elements here. Beowulfs victory or defeat was based solely on fate; there was no Devine assistance given to him here. Beowulf kills the dragon with his knife but ends up being defeated as well; not before he is brought his treasure by Wiglaf, his follower, and then he tells Wiglaf to build a massive tower that will forever immortalize him. Beowulf gets his treasure and immortality but at the price of his own life. Compared to the beginning and middle of the text the Christian influence has dissolved completely and left the pagan influence to thrive. It is known that paganism and Christianity were around side by side in this time period. Pagans were being converted to Christians by the Catholic Church and it is a possibility that this monk was a pagan convert. This possibility supports my theory that the monk may have been balancing upon a razors edge, this edge being the line between religions. The monk was fighting an internal battle between paganism and Christianity and the text was directly affected by this. Whether or not he intended his struggle to be shown in the text he was rewriting we will never know, but it certainly has been. The beginning of Beowulf starts out with heavy amounts of Christian influence and little amounts of pagan influence. The battle of religions begins around the middle of the story when Beowulf battles Grendels Mother. The end of the religious war comes at the battle with the dragon when paganism seems to have won and leaves Beowulf to die. All we can do is speculate about this monks life; did he l ose faith in Christianity or keep his pagan roots? Maybe one day we will finally have the answer to that question.